
A Guest Essay by Heinrich August Winkler
In a certain sense, Trump should not exist, at least not from the perspective of many Germans. The man in the White House seems to refute what Germany’s educated middle class – liberal in the broadest sense of the word – had come to believe, ever since it rediscovered its better traditions a few decades ago and concluded, following one of its greatest thinkers, that a “lawful external relation among states” was necessary in order to establish a “perfect civic constitution” within the state. That was the argument Immanuel Kant advanced in his 1784 essay “Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose.”



